01
Established evidence
Information with a substantial body of relevant research and context.
Methodology
How 4V approaches information.
The purpose is not to manufacture certainty. It is to help readers see what kind of information they are looking at and what remains unknown.
02
Human clinical research
Research involving people, interpreted with attention to study design and limits.
03
Early human research
Initial work in people that may be informative while still leaving important questions open.
04
Animal research
Research conducted in non-human models. It can inform further questions but is not interchangeable with human evidence.
05
Laboratory / in-vitro research
Early laboratory work that may explore mechanisms or materials without establishing human outcomes.
06
Expert interpretation
Commentary that can help orient a reader but should be distinguished from original research.
07
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation or question still awaiting adequate investigation.
08
Marketing claims
Statements that should be checked against the source material rather than accepted on presentation alone.
4V does not claim to conduct systematic reviews unless that work is actually being performed and described. Emerging science is presented with uncertainty intact.